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Hindu and Muslim scholars translate the Mahabharata from Sanskrit into Persian
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Hindu and Muslim scholars translate the Mahabharata from Sanskrit into Persian
778916 Hindu and Muslim scholars translate the Mahabharata from Sanskrit into Persian, illustration from the Razmnama, 1598-99 (w/c, ink & gold on paper) by Indian School, (16th century); Free Library of Philadelphia; (add.info.: This is probably the very first illustration in the 1598-99 Razmnama and it is also the only painting in the manuscript whose subject is contemporary to Emperor Akbars reign. Here Muslim scholars, seen in the upper half of the painting, and Hindu Brahmans, depicted in the lower half, work together to translate the great Sanskrit Mahabharata into Persian, the official court language. The learned Hindus read from a scroll, one traditional form of recording texts in India, while the Muslims write in a codex (stitched book), the standard format for Islamic manuscripts. However, this partnership is not quite equal: the Muslims occupy the more privileged upper register of the composition and attendants serve them, an honor their Hindu colleagues do not share.); eFree Library of Philadelphia; Indian, out of copyright
Media ID 23483938
© Free Library of Philadelphia / Bridgeman Images
Akbar Hindu Intellectual Mahabharata Moghul Mughal Reign Rule Sanskrit Scholar Scholars Script Scroll Scrolls Translate Translating Translation Razmnama
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EDITORS COMMENTS
This print captures a significant moment in history when Hindu and Muslim scholars joined forces to translate the revered Mahabharata from Sanskrit into Persian. The illustration, dating back to 1598-99, is part of the Razmnama collection housed at the Free Library of Philadelphia. It is believed to be the first image in this manuscript and offers a unique glimpse into Emperor Akbar's reign. The painting portrays an intriguing partnership between two intellectual communities. In the upper half, Muslim scholars are depicted engrossed in their work, while Hindu Brahmans can be seen diligently reading from a scroll in the lower half. This collaboration aimed to bridge cultural divides by rendering the epic text accessible to both Islamic and Indian audiences. However, beneath this harmonious endeavor lies subtle inequality. The Muslims occupy a more privileged position within the composition's upper register, attended by servants who cater exclusively to them—an honor not extended to their Hindu counterparts. Beyond its artistic beauty, this image serves as a testament to the power of interfaith dialogue and cooperation during an era marked by religious tensions. It highlights how diverse communities can come together for shared intellectual pursuits despite societal hierarchies that may persist. Preserved through time, this historic artwork continues to inspire contemplation on unity amidst diversity—a timeless message that resonates even today.
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