Arithmetic Collection (#9)

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), 1882. Galileo was a Tuscan (Italian) physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution

Charles Babbage (1791-1871) English mathematician and pioneer of computing, 1871. In the 1820s, Babbage began to develop a Difference Engine which could perform simple mathematical calculations

Isaac Newton, English mathematician, astronomer and physicist, (1818). Artist: R Page
Isaac Newton, English mathematician, astronomer and physicist, (1818). Newtons (1643-1727) discoveries were prolific and exerted a huge influence on science and thought

Agrippa Instructing His Pupils Mathematically, 1553, (1936). The frontespiece of the Treatise on the Science of Arms with Philosophical Dialogue by Camillo Agrippa, published in 1553

Study for the Last Super and Mathematical Figures and Calculations, c1480 (1945). Artist: Leonardo da Vinci
Study for the Last Super and Mathematical Figures and Calculations, c1480 (1945). From The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. [Reynal & Hitchcock, New York, 1945]

James Brindley, 18th century English civil engineer and canal builder, (1836). Artist: JT Wedgwood
James Brindley, 18th century English civil engineer and canal builder, (1836). Brindley (1716-1772) rests a hand on a theodolite

Galilei 1564-1642, 1934. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), Italian polymath: astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher and mathematician. From Die Groszen der Weltgelchichte

Johannes Kepler 1571-1630, 1934. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th-century scientific revolution

Sir Christopher Wren, 1711. Artist: Sir Godfrey Kneller
Sir Christopher Wren, 1711. Wren (1632-1723) is best remembered for his rebuilding of St Pauls Cathedral and numerous other churches destroyed in the Great Fire of London (1666)

Sir William Thomson, Irish physicist and engineer, c1870s (1883). From William Ewart Gladstone and His Contemporaries, Vol. III, 1852-1860, by Thomas Archer, F.R.H.S

D Alembert, 1753. Artist: Maurice-Quentin de La Tour
D Alembert, 1753. Jean-Baptiste le Rond d Alembert (1717-1783), French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music. Held at the Musee du Louvre, Paris

Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish mathematician and astronomer, 1894
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), Polish mathematician and astronomer, 1894. From A Popular History of Science, by Robert Routledge, BSc (Lond.), F.C.S. [George Routledge & Sons, Limited. London, 1894]

Weighing the Earth, 1938. Churchmans cigarette card, from a series titled Modern Wonders [WA & AC Churchman, Great Britain & Ireland, 1938]

Super calculating machine, 1938. Churchmans cigarette card, from a series titled Modern Wonders [WA & AC Churchman, Great Britain & Ireland, 1938]

Pythagoras (c560 - 480 BC), Greek philosopher and scientist. Mathematics. Acoustics. Engraving. (Colorised black and white print)

William Whiston, 1878
William Whiston.Engraving from Old and new London Volume 2 by Walter Thornbury.Published by Cassell, Petter and Galpin, 1878

Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727), English mathematician, astronomer and physicist, 1924
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727), English mathematician, astronomer and physicist, 19th century. Newtons discoveries were prolific and exerted a huge influence on science and thought

Sir Isaac Newton, taken from a series of cigarette cards, 1935
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), English physicist and mathematician. Taken from a series of cigarette cards entitled Celebrities of British History produced by Carreas Ltd, 1935

Crugers azimuth quadrant, 1673 (1956). Artist: A Steck
Crugers azimuth quadrant, 1673 (1956). Peter Cruger (1580-1639) was a German mathematician, astronomer and polymath. He taught the Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius

Francois Arago, French scientist and statesman, 1853. Dominique Francois Jean Arago (1786-1853) made important discoveries in the fields of astronomy, magnetism and optics

Five inch theodolite, 1866. A print from Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts, Mechanical and Chemical, Manufactures, Mining, and Engineering, edited by Charles Tomlinson, Volume II, Virtue and Co, London, 1866

John Arbuthnot, Scottish physician, satirist, mathematician and polymath (1906). Arbuthnot (1667-1735) was the inventor of the figure of John Bull

Christiaan Huygens, 17th century Dutch mathematician, astronomer and physicist, c1870. Artist: JH Rennefeld
Christiaan Huygens, 17th century Dutch mathematician, astronomer and physicist, c1870. Huygens (1629-1695) made important contributions in several scientific fields

Metius, Dutch geometer and astronomer, c1870. Artist: H Sluyter
Metius, Dutch geometer and astronomer, c1870. A print from Nederlands Geschiedenis en Volksleven in Schetsen, by J Van Lenner and J Ter Gouw. (Leiden, AW Sijthoff, c1870)

Method of measuring the surface of the Earth, late 15th or early 16th century (1954). Artist: Leonardo da Vinci
Method of measuring the surface of the Earth, late 15th or early 16th century (1954). Codex Atlanticus, 269v-a. A print from Leonardo da Vinci by Ludwig H Heydenreich. (London, 1954)

Dominique Francois Jean Arago, French astronomer, physicist and politician, (c1900). Portrait of Arago and the fall of a meteorite at noon

Elevation of Troughtons dividing engine, 18th century, (1886). Until the 1770s, scales on scientific instruments had been marked out by skilled craftsmen in a process called dividing

A German man of letters, 16th century (1849). Artist: Jost Amman
A German man of letters, 16th century (1849). A 19th century version based on an original 16th century wood engraving. From Le Moyen Age et la Renaissance, by Paul Lacroix

Lazare Carnot, French politician, engineer, and mathematician, 1898. Artist: Gilbert
Lazare Carnot, French politician, engineer, and mathematician, 1898. A print from Les Francais Illustres, by Gustave Demoulin, Hachette, Paris, 1898

Louis Antoine de Bougainville, French navigator and military commander, 1898. Artist: Gilbert
Louis Antoine de Bougainville, French navigator and military commander, 1898. A print from Les Francais Illustres, by Gustave Demoulin, Hachette, Paris, 1898

Newton investigating light, 1870. Artist: William Mouat Loudan
Newton investigating light, 1870. A print from The Illustrated London News, 4th June 1870. Hand-coloured later

Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, 15th century Italian cosmographer and mathematician, (1901). Toscanelli (1397-1482) produced a map proposing a westward route to Asia that Columbus took with him on his

Statue of Sir Isaac Newton, English mathematician, astronomer and physicist, 19th century. Artist: John Le Keux
Statue of Sir Isaac Newton, English mathematician, astronomer and physicist, 19th century. Statue in the ante chapel, Trinity College, Cambridge

Pythagoras (580-500 BC), drawing for the School of Athens, 16th century. Artist: Raphael
Pythagoras (580-500 BC), drawing for the School of Athens, 16th century

Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, c1870s. Artist: E Ronjat
Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, c1870s

Building master Hieronymus of Augsburg, 1506, (1936). Artist: Albrecht Durer
Building master Hieronymus of Augsburg, 1506, (1936). Found in the collection of the Kupferstichkabinett, Berlin, Germany

The Astronomer, 19th century. Artist: R Bell
The Astronomer, 19th century

System of Astronomy, c1790. Hand-coloured later

Sir Isaac Newton, English physicist, mathematician and astronomer, (c1850). Newtons discoveries were prolific and exerted a huge influence on science and thought

Sir Christopher Wren, English architect, designer, astronomer and geometrician, (c1850). Wren (1632-1723) is best remembered for his rebuilding of St Pauls Cathedral

Isaac Barrow, 17th century English classical scholar, theologian, and mathematician, (c1850). Barrow (1630-1677) was the teacher of Isaac Newton

Leonhard Euler, 18th century Swiss mathematician and physicist, (1836). Artist: B Holl
Leonhard Euler, 18th century Swiss mathematician and physicist, (1836). Euler (1707-1783) was one of the founders of pure mathematics

Rene Descartes, 17th century French philosopher and mathematician, (1836). Artist: W Holl
Rene Descartes, 17th century French philosopher and mathematician, (1836). Descartes (1596-1650) is regarded as one of the great figures in the history of Western thought

Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, French mathematician and astronomer, (1836). Artist: B Holl
Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, French mathematician and astronomer, (1836). Delambre (1749-1822) was Director of the Paris Observatory

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, German philosopher and mathematician, (1836). Artist: B Holl
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, German philosopher and mathematician, (1836). Leibniz (1646-1716) published his system of infinitesimal calculus in 1684, three years before Isaac Newton who, however

The young Galileo and Ostilio Ricci, (20th century). Ricci (1540-1603) was court mathematician to Grand Duke Francesco of Tuscany

Sir Isaac Newton under the apple tree, (20th century). Newton under the apple tree where, according to popular legend, a falling apple prompted him to devise his theory of gravity

Galileo Galilei, Italian physicist, astronomer, and philosopher, (20th century). One of the greatest scientists of all time

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"Arithmetic: Unveiling the Beauty of Numbers through Art and Science" Step into a world where numbers come alive, as science allegorizes arithmetic in captivating artworks. In "The Ambassadors, " painted in 1533, we witness the intricate connection between mathematics and other disciplines. The illustration from "Hortus deliciarum" showcases arithmetic as one of the seven liberal arts, highlighting its importance in education. Even great minds like Sir Isaac Newton recognized the power of numbers. In a portrait by Freeman from the 19th century, Newton's brilliance shines through his contributions to mathematics and physics. Jan Wierix's copy of "Melencolia I" depicts an enigmatic figure surrounded by mathematical symbols, representing both creativity and melancholy. Travel back to ancient Egypt with us as we explore the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus from around 1550 BC. This remarkable artifact reveals how arithmetic was practiced during the Hyksos period, giving us insight into their advanced knowledge. Fast forward to Lewis Carroll's time when he introduced mathematical puzzles through his famous works like "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. " Oscar Gustav Rejlander captured this whimsical spirit in his portrait of Carroll himself. Blaise Pascal further revolutionized arithmetic with his contributions to probability theory and calculating machines. H Meyer's depiction portrays him not only as a mathematician but also as a philosopher and theologian. Lord Kelvin takes center stage next with James Craig Annan capturing him alongside his compass—a symbol of precision—showcasing Kelvin's significant impact on both mathematics and physics. Journeying to Woolsthorpe Manor, near Grantham, Lincolnshire—Sir Isaac Newton’s birthplace—we discover where one of history’s greatest mathematicians began his extraordinary journey into understanding gravity and calculus. Lastly, Nikolai Petrovich Bogdanov-Belsky invites us into a classroom setting with "Counting in Their Heads.