Beschreibung Collection

Distillation of Nitric Acid. Also known as Aqua Fortis or Parting Acid, nitric acid was widely used in the refining
540742 Distillation of Nitric Acid. Also known as Aqua Fortis or Parting Acid, nitric acid was widely used in the refining and assaying of metals

Production of Salpetre (Nitre, Potassium Nitrate, or KN03). Nitre beds, heaps of manure mixed with chalky earth
540747 Production of Salpetre (Nitre, Potassium Nitrate, or KN03). Nitre beds, heaps of manure mixed with chalky earth. These were watered with urine and manure water

Blast furnaces, 1580 (engraving)
534630 Blast furnaces, 1580 (engraving); (add.info.: Blast furnaces. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertszt of 1580. Copperplate engraving)

Preparation of copper and silver to be alloyed for production of coins, 16th century (engraving)
539915 Preparation of copper and silver to be alloyed for production of coins, 16th century (engraving); (add.info.: Preparation of copper and silver to be alloyed for production of coins)

Refining copper by Hungarian process, 1580 (engraving)
534632 Refining copper by Hungarian process, 1580 (engraving); (add.info.: Refining copper by Hungarian process. Cupellation cakes roasted, releasing heat. At 5: lead obtained being smelted)

Smelting of copper: making liquation cakes by reducing copper in furnaces and alloying with lead
531538 Smelting of copper: making liquation cakes by reducing copper in furnaces and alloying with lead. 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt und

Crystallization of Saltpetre (Nitre, Potassium Nitrate, or KN03, 1574 (engraving)
540753 Crystallization of Saltpetre (Nitre, Potassium Nitrate, or KN03, 1574 (engraving); (add.info.: Crystallization of Saltpetre (Nitre, Potassium Nitrate, or KN03)

Laboratory for refining gold and silver, showing typical laboratory equipment
540745 Laboratory for refining gold and silver, showing typical laboratory equipment. 1, Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature. 2, 2

Washing ore to extract gold, 16th century (engraving)
540732 Washing ore to extract gold, 16th century (engraving); (add.info.: Water is fed into a sieve containing crushed ore)

Checking the quality of Saltpetre (Nitre, Potassium Nitrate, or KN03). Saltpetre is the principal ingredient in
540750 Checking the quality of Saltpetre (Nitre, Potassium Nitrate, or KN03). Saltpetre is the principal ingredient in gunpowder, and is still used in the preservation of some foods

Monstrous whale devouring humans, from 1550 edition of Cosmographia
5669002 Monstrous whale devouring humans, from 1550 edition of Cosmographia by Sebastian Munster (woodcut) by Munster, Sebastian (1589-1552); Photo eAF Fotografie; German, out of copyright

Noahs Ark and the deluge, from 1550 edition of Cosmographia
5668990 Noahs Ark and the deluge, from 1550 edition of Cosmographia; by Sebastian Munster (woodcut) by Munster, Sebastian (1589-1552); Photo eAF Fotografie; German, out of copyright

Portrait of Sebastian Munster from a 1550 edition of his Cosmographia (woodcut)
5668987 Portrait of Sebastian Munster from a 1550 edition of his Cosmographia (woodcut) by Munster, Sebastian (1589-1552); (add.info.: Sebastian Munster (1488-1552)); Photo eAF Fotografie; German

Monstrous whale devouring humans, from 1550 edition of
5669000 Monstrous whale devouring humans, from 1550 edition of Cosmographia by Sebastian Munster (woodcut) by Munster, Sebastian (1589-1552); Photo eAF Fotografie; German, out of copyright

Mining with water wheel, from 1550 edition of Cosmographia
5668989 Mining with water wheel, from 1550 edition of Cosmographia by Sebastian Munster (woodcut) by Munster, Sebastian (1589-1552); Photo eAF Fotografie; German, out of copyright

De Europa, quae nostro aeuo Christianum a map of Christian Europe
5668991 De Europa, quae nostro aeuo Christianum a map of Christian Europe, from 1550 edition of Cosmographia by Sebastian Munster (woodcut) by Munster

Cooking pot and waiting diner from 1550 edition of Cosmographia
5668988 Cooking pot and waiting diner from 1550 edition of Cosmographia by Sebastian Munster (woodcut) by Munster, Sebastian (1589-1552); (add.info)

Die kayserle Taffel der Ritterstuben Beschreibung
Die kayserle: Taffel in der Ritterstuben, Beschreibung was auf Ableiben weyland Ihrer Keyserl Majestat Josephi, biss nach vorgegangener Erb-Huldigung

Washing ore to extract gold. Water is fed into a sieve containing crushed ore. Solution containing ore in suspension is fed along collecting pans, often lined with dark woollen cloth

Blast furnaces. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertszt of 1580. Copperplate engraving

Refining copper by Hungarian process. Cupellation cakes roasted, releasing heat. At 5: lead obtained being smelted. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten

Assayer testing samples of gold and silver. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertszt of 1580. Copperplate engraving

Preparation of copper and silver to be alloyed for production of coins. Copper melted (1) while apprentice (9) soaks birch twigs in water. When copper poured on twigs it forms grains

Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature. Centre: 1) Athanor or Slow Harry : 2) side chambers containing reagents: 3) glass receivers

Crystallization of Saltpetre (Nitre, Potassium Nitrate, or KN03. Saltpetre is the principal ingredient in gunpowder, and is still used in the preservation of some foods)

Furnace for processes where protracted heat required, such as cementation. This furnace is gravity-fed and self-stoking. From 1683 English edition of Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen

Distillation of Nitric Acid. Also known as Aqua Fortis or Parting Acid, nitric acid was widely used in the refining and assaying of metals

Production of Salpetre (Nitre, Potassium Nitrate, or KN03). Nitre beds, heaps of manure mixed with chalky earth. These were watered with urine and manure water

Checking the quality of Saltpetre (Nitre, Potassium Nitrate, or KN03). Saltpetre is the principal ingredient in gunpowder, and is still used in the preservation of some foods

Laboratory for refining gold and silver, showing typical laboratory equipment. 1, Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature. 2, 2

Washing ore to extract gold. Water fed into sieve (2) containing ore. Muddy solution fed along wooden collecting troughs, often lined with dark woollen cloth: gold separated out on the way

Assay laboratory for gold and silver. 1) Furnace: 2) Sheet of iron onto which assays are poured: 3) Parting flask: 5) Assay by water displacement

Purification of silver in a muffle furnace. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt- und Berckwercksarten originally published in Prague in 1574

Refining gold: furnaces, 2, 2, and operator, 9. The man near 4 is gradually heating a crucible surrounded by a ring of burning coals: to increase the heat coals were be raked into a smaller circle

Assay laboratory with various forms of furnace including and athanor or Slow Harry, 7, self-stoking furnace for cementation, 9, and barrel-shaped furnace, 3

Roasting gold ore in order to recover the precious metal. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt- und Berckwercksarten originally published in

Assaying of silver: 1&3, moulds for making cupels: 2&4, the cupels: 8, man moulding cupels. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt- und

Refining of silver, showing (2) a test put into the furnace and (3) burning the silver in a test. A test warming (8) and a roaster for making burnt silver dry (9)

Assaying copper: Furnaces (1, 4), ore (3), bellows (5), and aeolipile (6) to supply draught to furnaces. Pot in which flux is prepared (8)

Recovery of gold from amalgum. 7) chamois leather bag for separating amalgum from excess mercury. 6) Operator with wooden pestel and mortar for purifying mercury with salt

Assaying copper and lead: prepared and weighed ore (1) and assay oven (2). From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt- und Berckwercksarten

Assaying: Various muffles used in assay ovens for assaying gold and silver 1, 2, 3: 4, 5, 6, stopples, bottom plates and covers: 7, wooden mould for forming muffles: 11, 12

Smelting copper. From a 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt- und Berckwercksarten originally published in Prague in 1574. Copperplate engraving

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"Exploring the Depths: Monstrous whale devouring humans, from 1550 edition of Cosmographia" Step back in time and witness the awe-inspiring illustrations that adorned the pages of Sebastian Munster's renowned work, Cosmographia. In this captivating woodcut, a monstrous whale emerges from the depths of the ocean, its enormous jaws open wide as it devours helpless humans. This vivid depiction reminds us of the dangers faced by seafarers during those times. "Noah's Ark and the Deluge: A Glimpse into Ancient Cataclysmic Events" Transport yourself to an era shrouded in mystery and biblical tales with this remarkable illustration from Munster's 1550 edition of Cosmographia. The scene portrays Noah's Ark amidst a tumultuous deluge, capturing both the chaos and hope that prevailed during one of humanity's most significant events. "A Glimpse into History: Portrait of Sebastian Munster himself. " Discover the face behind these extraordinary works - none other than Sebastian Munster himself. This woodcut portrait showcases his dedication to exploring and documenting our world through his groundbreaking publication, Cosmographia. His contributions have left an indelible mark on cartography and continue to inspire generations. "Mining Marvels Unveiled: Water Wheel-Powered Mining Operations" Journey deep underground with this fascinating glimpse into mining practices depicted in Munster's 1550 edition of Cosmographia. Witness miners harnessing water wheel technology to extract precious resources from within Earth’s crust – a testament to human ingenuity even centuries ago. "Mapping Christian Europe: De Europa Quae Nostro Aeuo Christianum" Delve into history with this intricate map showcasing Christian Europe as seen through contemporary eyes. From religious centers to political boundaries, this map provides valuable insights into how society was structured during that era. "Culinary Delights.