The High and Late Renaissance period, spanning from the 15th to the 17th century, was a time of great artistic and intellectual flourishing. It was during this era that renowned philosophers Pythagoras and Euclid made significant contributions to mathematics, paving the way for future scientific advancements. In 1437, a stunning marble tile depicting Pythagoras and Euclid was created as a testament to their influential work. This intricate piece showcases the beauty of mathematical concepts in art. Moving forward in time, in 1614, the University of Leiden in the Netherlands was established. This engraving captures the grandeur of this esteemed institution that continues to thrive today as one of Europe's leading universities. Artistic masterpieces also emerged during this period. The Battle of Ostia fresco from 1516-17 depicts a dramatic scene filled with action and emotion. Its vibrant colors bring history alive on the walls it adorns. Another captivating fresco is "The Coronation of Charlemagne, " painted in 1511. This detail highlights an exquisite moment within the larger composition, showcasing meticulous attention to detail by its creator. Religious themes were prevalent throughout this era as well. In Pope Urban I between Iustitia and Caritas fresco from 1520-24, we witness a powerful depiction of faith intertwined with justice and charity – values deeply cherished during those times. The Ducal Palace floor plan provides insight into architectural design during this period. Its intricate layout exemplifies precision and elegance that characterized Renaissance architecture. Artists like Michelangelo Merisi detto il Caravaggio continued pushing boundaries with their works even into later centuries. His painting "Saint Jean Baptiste" exudes baroque style while capturing religious devotion through skillful brushstrokes. Not all artworks focused solely on religious or academic subjects; some delved into social commentary too. A caricature depicting King Henry III as a homosexual monster serves as a reminder of the complexities and controversies that existed during this time.