Philosophy Collection (#60)

Amos Bronson Alcott (1799-1888), American teacher and transcendentalist
Amos Bronson Alcott (1799-1888) American teacher and transcendentalist. Father of Louisa May Alcott. Wood engraving, 1875

God creating Eve from Adams rib, 1508. Scene from the Bible (Genesis). It illustrates Thales concept of the universe based on the four Greek elements with a flat earth floating on water with air

Descartes system of the universe, 17th century, (1761). French philosopher and mathematician Descartes (1596-1650) system of the universe showing his idea of the formation of the stars in vortices

Divine harmony, 1617-1619. The divine harmony existing between Man the microsm, and the universe the macrocosm, with God at the top. From Utriusque cosmi... historia by Robert Fludd

Statue of Averroes from Cordoba, 12th century
A statue of Abu Al Walid Muhammed Ibn Ruchd Averroes from Cordoba (April 14, 1126 - December 10, 1198), whose commentaries on ancient philosophy and medicine influenced later Christian thinkers

Rene Descartes, French philosopher and scientist, 1692. Descartes (1596-1650) in his study seated at a writing slope. Regarded as one of the great figures in the history of Western thought

Pierre Bayle (1647-1706), French Protestant philosopher

Pierre-Simon Ballanche (1776-1847), French social and religious philosopher. Ballanches ideas influenced the Romantic writers

Roger Bacon, English experimental scientist, philosopher and Franciscan friar. Bacon (c1214-1292) was known as Doctor Mirabilis due to his interest in magic and alchemy

Title page of Instauratio Magna, by Francis Bacon, 1620. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), Viscount St Albans, English philosopher, scientist and statesman, became Lord Chancellor in 1618

Francis Bacon, Viscount St Albans, English philosopher, scientist and statesman, 1618. Bacon (1561-1626) became Lord Chancellor in 1618. He is shown here after his appointment to the position

Ferney near Geneva, Switzerland, 1786. The chateau where Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire (1694-1778), French writer and embodiment of the Enlightenment, settled after 1758, viewed from the garden

Confucius visiting court, 19th century
Confucius (c551 BC-479 BC) visiting court, 19th century. After an inscription with illustration relating to the visit to court of Confucius, the Chinese philospher, teacher and political theorist

Bust of a Stoic (possibly Kleanthos), Roman, after a Greek original of c280 BC. The HPODOTOC inscription is modern. Found in the collection of The Hermitage, St Petersburg

Statue of a seated philosopher, 1st century. Roman, after a Greek original of the 4th century BC. Found in the collection of The Hermitage, St Petersburg

Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher. He got into trouble with the church over his claim that the sun, and not the earth

Communist China - communication team in water
Adults and children, members of a philosophy communication team, crossing a river in the mountainous area of Dabie, in Henan (He Nan)

Communist China - State Propaganda Booklet
Young woman member of a communication team, reading Maos Little Red Book with a poor female farmer during the Cultural Revolution era in Communist China

Communist China - informal group discussion
Communist China - a group of people in informal discussion with an older man (left) as leader. Some of them are holding Maos Little Red Book in their hands

Communist China - agricultural workers, probably educated people from a town or city, forced to do manual work during the Cultural Revolution

Italy - Promotional postcard for Romano - Philosophy - " A Romano and a dark corner are all I need to pass an agreeable day on holiday!". Date: circa 1930s

Voltaire (1694-1778). French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher. Portrait. Engraving by Etienne Fiquet (1719-1797). Colored

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827). Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer. Portrait. Engraving. Colored

Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814). German Philosopher. Engr
Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814). German Philosopher. Movement German Idealism. Engraving by J. F. Jugel. Portrait. 19th century. Colored

Averroes (1126-1198). Andalusian Muslim polymath. Portrait
Averroes (1126-1198). Ibn Rushd. Medieval Andalusian Muslim polymath. Portrait. Averroes in his studio. Engraving at Colliget Venetis (1530). Colored

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775-1854). German philosopher. Portrait. engraving. Colored

Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536). Engraving. Colored
Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536). Dutch humanist. Portrait. Engraving, 1713. Colored

Aristotle (384-322 B. C). Greek philosopher. Engraving. Color
Aristotle (384-322 B.C). Greek philosopher. Engraving. Colored

Juan Luis Vives (1493-1540). Valencian scholar and humanist. Portrait. He lived nearly his entire life in the Southern Netherlands. Engraving. Colored

Marcus Aurelius (121-180 AD). Roman Emperor from 161 to 180. Engraving by J. Serra Pausas. Historia de Espana, 1882. Colored

Karl Marx (1818-1883). German Philosopher, political economist and communist. Portrait. Engraving by Capuz. La Ilustracion Espanola y Americana, 1872. Colored

George Berkeley (1685 A?o??n? 1753), known as Bishop Berke
George Berkeley (1685 A?o??n? 1753), also known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne), was an Anglo-Irish philosopher. Engraving. Colored

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). Colored engraving
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). German mathematician and philosopher. Engraving in The Universal History, M. Verges, 1917. Colored

Emile Littre (1801-1881). French lexicographer and philosopher. Known for his Dictionnaire de la langue francaise. Engraving by Paris. Spanish and American illustrations, 1872. Colored

Book of Order of cavalry, 15th century, by Ramon Llull (1235
Ramon Llull (1235-1316). Spanish writer and philosopher. Book of Order of cavalry. Manuscript, 15th century. Title cover

Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the Younger) (331-278 BC). Bust
Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the Younger) (331-278 BC). Greek philosopher. Bust. Epicurean School. Roman copy of 1st century after a greek original of 3rd century BC. Neues Museum. Berlin. Germany

Johann Jakob Bodmer (1698 A?i? 1783) Swiss-German critic an
Johann Jakob Bodmer (1698 A?i? 1783) Swiss-German author, academic, critic and poet. Engraving by J.F Bausse (1738-1814), 1784. Colored

Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894). Engraving. Colored
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894). German physician and physicist. Engraving in Our Century, 1883. Colored

Bust of Metrodorus of Lampsacus the Younger (331-277 BC)
Metrodorus of Lampsacus the Younger (331-277 BC). Greek philosopher of the Epicurean school. Bust. Roman copy. Glytothek. Munich. Germany

Head of greek philosopher Socrates
Socrates (469-399 BC). Greek philosopher. Head. Roman copy of an original of 320 BC. Glyptothek Museum. Munich. Germany

Edmund Burke (1729-1797). Colored engraving
Edmund Burke (1729-1797). Irish writer and politician. Engraving in The American Revolution. Colored

St. Augustine (354-430). African bishop, doctor and father of the church. Colored engraving

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 1778) Genevan philosophe (Les
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 1778) Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th-century. Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Les Confessions), 1770, published 1782

Johann Jakob Bodmer (1698 1783) Swiss-German critic and po
Johann Jakob Bodmer (1698 1783) Swiss-German author, academic, critic and poet. Engraving by J.F Bausse (1738-1814), 1784

Baltrasar Gracian (1601-1658). Spanish writter and philosoph
Baltrasar Gracian (1601-1658). Spanish Jesuit and baroque prose writter and philosopher. Arte de ingenio (1642, revised as Agudeza y arte de ingenio in 1648). Edition: Barcelona, 1757

Ramon Llull (1232-1315). Majorcan writer and philosopher. Ca
Ramon Llull (1232-1315). Majorcan writer and philosopher, logician and a Franciscan tertiary. He wrote the first major work of Catalan literature. Image from De Nova Logica

Plato (424 / 423 BC-348 / 447 BC). Was a classical greek philoso
Plato (424/423 BC-348/447 BC). Was a classical greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates. Founder of the Academy in Athens. Copy of portrait bust by Silanion. 4th century BC

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805). German poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright. Monument in Gendarmenmarkt, in the city center. Berlin. Germany

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"Exploring the Depths of Thought: Unveiling the Essence of Philosophy" In Joseph Wright's captivating masterpiece, "The Orrery, " we witness a profound representation of philosophy's essence. Just as the celestial bodies revolve around the sun, so too does philosophy orbit around our quest for knowledge and understanding. Ludwig Wittgenstein, depicted in a caricature, stands as a towering figure in philosophical discourse. His words echo through time, challenging us to question language and its limits. In his pursuit of clarity, he unraveled intricate webs woven by human communication. "The Airpump, " another work by Joseph Wright, captures an intimate moment where science meets philosophy. As air is extracted from the chamber, it symbolizes our relentless curiosity to uncover truth and unravel mysteries that lie beyond our immediate perception. Jean-Paul Sartre emerges as a prominent French writer and philosopher who delved into existentialism—a school of thought that explores individual freedom and responsibility. Through his works like "Being and Nothingness, " he invites us to confront life's absurdities with courage and authenticity. "Iris Murdoch, " an influential philosopher herself, emphasized moral integrity amidst chaos. Her writings remind us that true happiness lies not in self-indulgence but rather in transcending egoistic desires through love and compassion for others. David Hume's caricature reminds us of his skepticism towards reason itself—urging us to critically examine our beliefs before accepting them blindly. He challenged traditional notions about causality while advocating for empirical evidence as the foundation for knowledge acquisition. Helena Blavatsky founded Theosophy—an esoteric belief system blending Eastern mysticism with Western philosophies—in her quest to unveil hidden truths about existence beyond conventional boundaries. Karl Marx's portrait serves as a reminder of his revolutionary ideas on social justice and class struggle—the foundations upon which Marxism was built—a philosophy striving for equality among all individuals within society.