Philosophy Collection (#64)

Auguste Comte, etched by Felix Bracquemond, 1851 (etching)
XJF447356 Auguste Comte, etched by Felix Bracquemond, 1851 (etching) by Guichard, Joseph Benoit (1806-80) (after); Private Collection; (add.info.: Auguste Comte (1798-1857) French philosopher

The correspondence between the human and the universe, from Robert Fludds Utriusque
XJF447345 The correspondence between the human and the universe, from Robert Fludds Utriusque Cosmi Historia, 1617-19 (engraving) by English School

The day and night of the Microcosm, from Robert Fludds Utriusque Cosmi Historia
XJF447342 The day and night of the Microcosm, from Robert Fludds Utriusque Cosmi Historia, 1617-19 (engraving) by English School

Detail of St. Augustine Reading Rhetoric and Philosophy at the School of Rome, from the Life of St
XIR444264 Detail of St. Augustine Reading Rhetoric and Philosophy at the School of Rome, from the Life of St. Augustine, 1464-65 (fresco) by Gozzoli

Henry Home, Lord Kames, 1825 (engraving)
KW441321 Henry Home, Lord Kames, 1825 (engraving) by English School, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: illustration from Crabbs Historical Dictionary depicting Henry Home)

Jean Jacques Rousseau (oil on canvas)
XIR43750 Jean Jacques Rousseau (oil on canvas) by Ramsay, Allan (1713-84); Chateau de Coppet, Paris, France; (add.info.: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78) French philosopher.); Scottish

Thomas Paine, engraved by William Angus, 1791 (engraving)
XJF400622 Thomas Paine, engraved by William Angus, 1791 (engraving) by American School, (18th century) (after); Private Collection; (add.info.: Thomas Paine (1737-1809) American author, pamphkleteer

Epicurus, engraved by Johann Fredrich Schmidt (engraving)
XJF394203 Epicurus, engraved by Johann Fredrich Schmidt (engraving) by German School, (18th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: Epicurus (341-270 BC) Greek philosopher; ); German

Ludvig Holberg, engraved by Johann Martin Bernigeroth, 1757 (engraving)
XJF394209 Ludvig Holberg, engraved by Johann Martin Bernigeroth, 1757 (engraving) by Roselius, Johan (1725-1803) (after); Private Collection; (add.info.: Ludvig Holberg (1684-1754) Baron of Holberg

Strabo, illustration from Andre Thevets Des vrais pourtaits et vies des
XJF394202 Strabo, illustration from Andre Thevets Des vrais pourtaits et vies des hommes illustres, 1584 (engraving) by French School

John Locke, engraved by James Basire (engraving)
XJF392693 John Locke, engraved by James Basire (engraving) by English School, (18th century); Private Collection; (add.info)

John Locke (1632-1704) (engraving)
XJF392688 John Locke (1632-1704) (engraving) by Kneller, Godfrey (1646-1723) (after); Private Collection; (add.info.: John Locke (1632-1704)

Jean le Rond d Alembert (engraving)
XJF392684 Jean le Rond d Alembert (engraving) by Pujos, Andre (1738-88) (after); Private Collection; (add.info.: Jean le Rond d Alembert (1717-83) French philosopher and mathematician; ); French

Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) (engraving)
XJF392680 Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) (engraving) by English School, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info)

Kant mixing mustard, 1801 (pen & ink on paper)
XJF387434 Kant mixing mustard, 1801 (pen & ink on paper) by Hagemann, Friedrich (1773-1806); Private Collection; (add.info.: Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) German philosopher; ); German, out of copyright

Samuel Clarke, engraved by Jacobus Houbraken, c. 1737-48 (engraving)
XJF384047 Samuel Clarke, engraved by Jacobus Houbraken, c.1737-48 (engraving) by Gibson, Thomas (c.1680-1751) (after); Private Collection; (add.info)

Ludwig Feuerbach (engraving)
XJF373295 Ludwig Feuerbach (engraving) by Philipp, John (b.1872); Private Collection; (add.info.: Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach (1804-72)

Johann Gottlieb Fichte, engraved by Johann Friedrich Jugel after a painting of 1808
XJF373292 Johann Gottlieb Fichte, engraved by Johann Friedrich Jugel after a painting of 1808 (engraving) by Dahling, Heinrich Anton (1773-1850) (after); Private Collection; (add.info)

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, engraved by F. W Bollinger, c. 1825 (engraving)
XJF373277 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, engraved by F.W Bollinger, c.1825 (engraving) by Xeller, Johann Christian (1784-1872) (after); Private Collection; (add.info)

Moses Hess (b / w photo)
XJF373275 Moses Hess (b/w photo) by German Photographer, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: Moses Hess (1812-75) German born Jewish philosopher; ); German, out of copyright

St. Thomas Aquinas (engraving) (b / w photo)
XJF368406 St. Thomas Aquinas (engraving) (b/w photo) by Boel, Cornelis (c.1576-1621); Private Collection; (add.info.: Saint Thomas Aquinas (c.1225-74) Italian philosopher

Niccolo Machiavelli, 1724 (engraving) (b / w photo)
XJF368401 Niccolo Machiavelli, 1724 (engraving) (b/w photo) by Morellon la Cave, Francois (1706-66); Private Collection; (add.info)

Marsilio Ficino (engraving) (b / w photo)
XJF368400 Marsilio Ficino (engraving) (b/w photo) by Italian School, (18th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: Marsilio Ficino (1433-99) Italian humanist philosopher and astrologer; ); Italian

Juan Luis Vives (engraving) (b / w photo)
XJF366953 Juan Luis Vives (engraving) (b/w photo) by English School, (17th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: Juan Luis Vives (1493-1540) Spanish humanist and educational theorist; ); English

Baruch de Spinoza (engraving) (b / w photo)
XJF366952 Baruch de Spinoza (engraving) (b/w photo) by Dutch School, (17th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: Baruch de Spinoza (1632-77) Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin;

St. Augustine of Hippo, from Crabbes Historical Dictionary, published in 1825
KW359924 St. Augustine of Hippo, from Crabbes Historical Dictionary, published in 1825 (litho) by English School, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info)

St. Thomas Aquinas, from Crabbes Historical Dictionary, published in 1825
KW359910 St. Thomas Aquinas, from Crabbes Historical Dictionary, published in 1825 (litho) by English School, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info)

St. Albertus Magnus, from Crabbes Historical Dictionary, published in 1825
KW359909 St. Albertus Magnus, from Crabbes Historical Dictionary, published in 1825 (litho) by English School, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info)

George Jeffreys, from Crabbs Historical Dictionary, published 1825 (litho)
KW310877 George Jeffreys, from Crabbs Historical Dictionary, published 1825 (litho) by English School, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info)

Abelard as monk at Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys, illustration from Lettres d Heloise
XIR346164 Abelard as monk at Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys, illustration from Lettres d Heloise et d Abelard, engraved by Pierre Francois Godard (1797-1864) 1839 (engraving) (b/w photo) by Gigoux

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1787-88 (oil on canvas)
XPH311105 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1787-88 (oil on canvas) by Kauffmann, Angelica (1741-1807); 64x52 cm; Goethe National Museum, Weimar

Luther in front of Cardinal Cajetan during the controversy of his 95 Theses, 1870
XPH308470 Luther in front of Cardinal Cajetan during the controversy of his 95 Theses, 1870 (oil on canvas) by Pauwels, Ferdinand Wilhelm (1830-1904); Lutherhaus, Eisenach

The Four Philosophers, c. 1611-12 (oil on panel)
XAL79420 The Four Philosophers, c.1611-12 (oil on panel) by Rubens, Peter Paul (1577-1640); 164x139 cm; Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy; (add.info.: a portrait of the artist, his brother Philip)

Frank Ramsey, c. 1928 (b / w photo)
XJF618907 Frank Ramsey, c.1928 (b/w photo) by English Photographer, (20th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: Frank P. Ramsey (1903-30) British mathematician.); English, out of copyright

Bertrand Russell with pupils at his Beacon Hill School, 1931 (b / w photo)
XJF425370 Bertrand Russell with pupils at his Beacon Hill School, 1931 (b/w photo) by English Photographer, (20th century); Private Collection; (add.info)

Bertrand Russell (b / w photo)
XJF425372 Bertrand Russell (b/w photo) by English Photographer, (20th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) British philosopher; ); English, out of copyright

Bertrand Russell and his wife Dora Black with pupils from their Beacon Hill School
XJF425371 Bertrand Russell and his wife Dora Black with pupils from their Beacon Hill School, 1932 (b/w photo) by English Photographer

Ralph Cudworth, engraved by George Vertue (engraving)
XJF387443 Ralph Cudworth, engraved by George Vertue (engraving) by Loggan, David (1633/35-92) (after); Private Collection; (add.info.: Ralph Cudworth (1617-88) English philosopher

Allegorical composition representing the different degrees of university teaching
KW348190 Allegorical composition representing the different degrees of university teaching, facsimile illustration of a wood engraving from the Margarita Philosophica by Gregor Reisch

James Martineau, from The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, May to October
KW293361 James Martineau, from The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, May to October, 1883 (litho) by American School, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: James Martineau (1805-1900)

BAL2909529 by Rosa, Salvator (1615-73); State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia; Italian, out of copyright

Philosophers, 1787 (engraving)
XJF2906482 Philosophers, 1787 (engraving) by Kay, John (1742-1826); Private Collection; (add.info.: James Hutton and Joseph Black Probably from A series of original portraits)

Soren Aabye Kierkegaard (pencil on paper) (b / w photo)
XIR267137 Soren Aabye Kierkegaard (pencil on paper) (b/w photo) by Gertner, Johan Vilhelm (1818-71); Private Collection; (add.info)

Caricature of Soren Aabye Kierkegaard (engraving) (b / w photo)
XIR267136 Caricature of Soren Aabye Kierkegaard (engraving) (b/w photo) by Marstrand, Wilhelm (1810-73); Private Collection; (add.info)

A Philosopher by Lamplight, engraved by William Pether (c. 1738-97) 1770 (mezzotint)
XYC277135 A Philosopher by Lamplight, engraved by William Pether (c.1738-97) 1770 (mezzotint) by Wright of Derby, Joseph (1734-97) (after); 58.4x46.4 cm; Yale Center for British Art

Rene Descartes (engraving)
XJF2639707 Rene Descartes (engraving) by French School, (17th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: Descartes was a French philosopher (1596-1650)); French, out of copyright

2604228; out of copyright

Allegory of philosophy, Abraham Dircksz Santvoort, Adriaen Vlacq, Willem III (prins

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"Exploring the Depths of Thought: Unveiling the Essence of Philosophy" In Joseph Wright's captivating masterpiece, "The Orrery, " we witness a profound representation of philosophy's essence. Just as the celestial bodies revolve around the sun, so too does philosophy orbit around our quest for knowledge and understanding. Ludwig Wittgenstein, depicted in a caricature, stands as a towering figure in philosophical discourse. His words echo through time, challenging us to question language and its limits. In his pursuit of clarity, he unraveled intricate webs woven by human communication. "The Airpump, " another work by Joseph Wright, captures an intimate moment where science meets philosophy. As air is extracted from the chamber, it symbolizes our relentless curiosity to uncover truth and unravel mysteries that lie beyond our immediate perception. Jean-Paul Sartre emerges as a prominent French writer and philosopher who delved into existentialism—a school of thought that explores individual freedom and responsibility. Through his works like "Being and Nothingness, " he invites us to confront life's absurdities with courage and authenticity. "Iris Murdoch, " an influential philosopher herself, emphasized moral integrity amidst chaos. Her writings remind us that true happiness lies not in self-indulgence but rather in transcending egoistic desires through love and compassion for others. David Hume's caricature reminds us of his skepticism towards reason itself—urging us to critically examine our beliefs before accepting them blindly. He challenged traditional notions about causality while advocating for empirical evidence as the foundation for knowledge acquisition. Helena Blavatsky founded Theosophy—an esoteric belief system blending Eastern mysticism with Western philosophies—in her quest to unveil hidden truths about existence beyond conventional boundaries. Karl Marx's portrait serves as a reminder of his revolutionary ideas on social justice and class struggle—the foundations upon which Marxism was built—a philosophy striving for equality among all individuals within society.