Philosophy Collection (#65)

A Philosopher by Lamplight, engraved by William Pether (c. 1738-97) 1770 (mezzotint)
XYC277135 A Philosopher by Lamplight, engraved by William Pether (c.1738-97) 1770 (mezzotint) by Wright of Derby, Joseph (1734-97) (after); 58.4x46.4 cm; Yale Center for British Art

Rene Descartes (engraving)
XJF2639707 Rene Descartes (engraving) by French School, (17th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: Descartes was a French philosopher (1596-1650)); French, out of copyright

2604228; out of copyright

Allegory of philosophy, Abraham Dircksz Santvoort, Adriaen Vlacq, Willem III (prins

Jean le Rond d Alembert (1717-1783) (engraving) (b / w photo)
XIR224900 Jean le Rond d Alembert (1717-1783) (engraving) (b/w photo) by Cochin, Charles Nicolas II (1715-90); Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France; French, out of copyright

Portrait of Marie Francois Gontier de Biran known as Maine de Biran (1766-1824)
XIR215563 Portrait of Marie Francois Gontier de Biran known as Maine de Biran (1766-1824), Portrait of Claude Favre de Vaugelas (1585-1650) engraved by Francois Seraphin Delpech (1778-1825)

A Philosopher, c. 1764 (oil on canvas) (see also 146465)
XKH146466 A Philosopher, c.1764 (oil on canvas) (see also 146465) by Fragonard, Jean-Honore (1732-1806); 59x72.2 cm; Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg, Germany; French, out of copyright

A Philosopher, c. 1764 (oil on canvas) (see also 146466)
XKH146465 A Philosopher, c.1764 (oil on canvas) (see also 146466) by Fragonard, Jean-Honore (1732-1806); 59x72.2 cm; Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg, Germany; French, out of copyright

The College of Navarre in 1440 (litho) (b / w photo)
XIR242823 The College of Navarre in 1440 (litho) (b/w photo) by Pernot, Francois Alexandre (1793-1865) (after); Bibliotheque des Arts Decoratifs, Paris, France; (add.info.: founded by Johanna)

First page of Discours de la Methode by Rene Descartes (1596-1650) (engraving)
XIR195546 First page of Discours de la Methode by Rene Descartes (1596-1650) (engraving) (b/w photo) by French School, (17th century); Private Collection; French, out of copyright

Socrates (470-399 BC) and his Students, illustration from Kitab Mukhtar al-Hikam
XIR182458 Socrates (470-399 BC) and his Students, illustration from Kitab Mukhtar al-Hikam wa-Mahasin al-Kilam by Al-Mubashir (pen & ink and gouache on paper) by Turkish School

MS Ahmed III 3206 The Philosopher, illustration from Kitab Mukhtar al-Hikam
XIR182457 MS Ahmed III 3206 The Philosopher, illustration from Kitab Mukhtar al-Hikam wa-Mahasin al-Kilam by Al-Mubashir (pen & ink and gouache on paper) by Turkish School

Platos Cave (oil on panel)
XIR179312 Platos Cave (oil on panel) by Flemish School, (16th century); Musee de la Chartreuse, Douai, France; (add.info.: an allegory on the human condition; Behold)

Portrait of George Berkeley (1685-1753) Bishop of Cloyne, engraved by Thomas Cook (1744-1818) c
XIR170479 Portrait of George Berkeley (1685-1753) Bishop of Cloyne, engraved by Thomas Cook (1744-1818) c.1781 (engraving) by English School, (18th century); Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris

Portrait of Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804), 1801 (marble)
XKH151920 Portrait of Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804), 1801 (marble) by Hagemann, Friedrich (1773-1806); 51.5x23x26.5 cm; Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg, Germany; German, out of copyright

The Philosopher, 1686 (oil on canvas)
XKH149075 The Philosopher, 1686 (oil on canvas) by Stravius, Hinrich (fl. c.1630-90); 90x69 cm; Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg, Germany; German, out of copyright

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (engraving)
KW1073728 Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (engraving) by English School, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, 1646 A- 1716)

Philosophy Instructing Boethius on the Role of God; Coetivy Master (Henri de Vulcop?), French, active about 1450 - 1485; Paris, France, Europe; about 1460 - 1470; Tempera colors, gold leaf

Jane Addams
circa 1925: Jane Addams (1860 - 1935), American social reformer, feminist and co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. She founded the social settlement Hull House in Chicago in 1899

Monument to Goethe and Schiller, German National Theatre, Theaterplatz square, Weimar, Thuringia, Germany

SIR ISaC NEWTON (1642-1727). English physicist and mathematician. Newtons first scientific publication, 1672, with description of the famous analysis of white light by dispersion into its colors

ELEMENTS OF THE UNIVERSE. The four elements and the orbits of the planets. Woodcut from Philippe de Mantegats Judicium cum tractibus planetarii, Milan, Italy, 1496

JOHN DALTON (1766-1844). English chemist and physicist. Title page of the first edition of volume 1 of Daltons A New System of Chemical Philosophy, Manchester, England, 1808

SPENGLER TITLE PAGE, 1918. Title-page of volume one of the first edition of Oswald Spenglers The Decline of the West, Vienna, Austria, and Leipzig, Germany, 1918

ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER (1788-1860). German philosopher. Title page of the first edition of the first volume of Arthur Schopenhauers Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (The World as Will and Idea)

ROUSSEAU: DISCOURSE, 1750. Title page of the first edition of the first Discourse by Jean Jacques Rousseau, Geneva, 1750

RIGHTS OF MAN, 1791. Title page of a 1791 edition of Thomas Paines Rights of Man, defending the early events of the French Revolution

MARIN MERSENNE (1588-1648). French musician, mathematician, natural philosopher. Half-title page of the first edition of Marin Mersennes Harmonie Universelle. Paris, 1636-37

DE L ESPRIT des LOIX, 1748. Manuscript page from the political work by Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu (Book 5, folio 296)

ALBERTUS MAGNUS (c1193-1280). German scholastic philosopher, theologian, scientist, and writer. Woodcut from a late 15th century edition of Albertus Magnus Philosophia naturalis

KARL MARX: DAS KAPITAL. Title-page of the first edition of Karl Marxs Das Kapital, 1867

COMMUNIST MANIFESTO. Wrapper of the first edition of Karl Marxs and Friedrich Engel s
COMMUNIST MANIFESTO. Wrapper of the first edition of Karl Marxs and Friedrich Engels The Communist Manifesto, London, 1848

William Morris
circa 1875: English artist, designer, writer, leader of the Arts & Craft Movement and early socialist William Morris (1834 - 1896) who is best remembered for his wallpaper designs

GEORG LIEBLER (1524-1600). German professor of philosophy, physics and poetry. Undated line engraving

HARTMANN: PHILOSOPHIE. Manuscript page from Eduard Hartmanns Die Philosophie des Unbewussten (Philosophy of the Unconscious)

HUME TITLE PAGE, 1739. Title page of the first edition of the first volume of David Humes A Treatise of Human Nature, London, England, 1739

JOHANN GOTTLIEB FICHTE (1762-1814). German philosopher. Title-page of the first edition of Johann Gottlieb Fichtes Ueber den Begriff der Wissenschaftslehre

DESCARTES MANUSCRIPT. Title-page of the first edition of Rene Descartes Discours de la Methode, Leyden, 1637. This fundamental work in philosophy and on the method of science

BOETHIUS (c480-524). Roman philosopher. A page from a 12th-century copy of Boethius De Musica showing Boethius, top left, with Pythagoras, Plato and Nicomachus

BOETHIUS (c480-c524). Roman philosopher. Boethius in prison at Pavia is visited by Philosophia, who inspires him to write his Consolation of Philosophy. Illumination from a 10th century manuscript

JOHN WINTHROP (1714-1779). Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosphy at Harvard College and great-great grandson of the founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

AD: KELLYS TIRES, 1919. American advertisement for Kellys Tires, 1919

Ernest Rutherford
1925: British physicist and 1st Baron, Ernest Rutherford (1871 - 1937), at the time he was President of the British Association. (Photo by Topical Press Agency/Getty Images)

Thomas Jefferson
American statesman Thomas Jefferson (1743 - 1826), the 3rd President of the United States of America. Jefferson was also responsible of the writing of the Declaration of Independence

Charles Darwin
British naturalist Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882). Original Artwork: Woodbury type by Lock & Whitfield. (Photo by Henry Guttmann/Getty Images)

Statue of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe outside the Burggarten, Vienna, Austria

The four elements of Empedocles (earth, air, fire and water). Colored woodcut from a 1472 edition of Lucretius De rerum
THE FOUR ELEMENTS, 1472. The four elements of Empedocles (earth, air, fire and water). Colored woodcut from a 1472 edition of Lucretius De rerum natura

English chemist and physicist. Tables from volume 2 of Daltons A New System of Chemical Philosophy, Manchester
JOHN DALTON (1766-1844). English chemist and physicist. Tables from volume 2 of Daltons A New System of Chemical Philosophy, Manchester, England, 1810

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"Exploring the Depths of Thought: Unveiling the Essence of Philosophy" In Joseph Wright's captivating masterpiece, "The Orrery, " we witness a profound representation of philosophy's essence. Just as the celestial bodies revolve around the sun, so too does philosophy orbit around our quest for knowledge and understanding. Ludwig Wittgenstein, depicted in a caricature, stands as a towering figure in philosophical discourse. His words echo through time, challenging us to question language and its limits. In his pursuit of clarity, he unraveled intricate webs woven by human communication. "The Airpump, " another work by Joseph Wright, captures an intimate moment where science meets philosophy. As air is extracted from the chamber, it symbolizes our relentless curiosity to uncover truth and unravel mysteries that lie beyond our immediate perception. Jean-Paul Sartre emerges as a prominent French writer and philosopher who delved into existentialism—a school of thought that explores individual freedom and responsibility. Through his works like "Being and Nothingness, " he invites us to confront life's absurdities with courage and authenticity. "Iris Murdoch, " an influential philosopher herself, emphasized moral integrity amidst chaos. Her writings remind us that true happiness lies not in self-indulgence but rather in transcending egoistic desires through love and compassion for others. David Hume's caricature reminds us of his skepticism towards reason itself—urging us to critically examine our beliefs before accepting them blindly. He challenged traditional notions about causality while advocating for empirical evidence as the foundation for knowledge acquisition. Helena Blavatsky founded Theosophy—an esoteric belief system blending Eastern mysticism with Western philosophies—in her quest to unveil hidden truths about existence beyond conventional boundaries. Karl Marx's portrait serves as a reminder of his revolutionary ideas on social justice and class struggle—the foundations upon which Marxism was built—a philosophy striving for equality among all individuals within society.