Ribonucleic Acid Collection (page 7)

Sperm fertilising an egg, artwork
Sperm fertilising an egg. Cutaway artwork of a human sperm cell (spermatozoon) penetrating an egg cells (ovum) thick outer layer (zona pellucida). The egg cells membrane is at top right

Paramyxovirus particle, TEM
Paramyxovirus. Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a paramyxovirus particle. The internal structure of the virus has been revealed

Dengue fever virus replication, TEM

Mosaic plant viruses, TEM
Turnip yellow mosaic viruses. Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of turnip yellow mosaic viruses (TYMV). This virus infects crucifer plants such as turnip, swede and cauliflower

Avian influenza virus, TEM
Avian influenza virus, type A strain H5N1, coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM). This virus was isolated in Vietnam, during the avian flu outbreak in early 2004

Influenza viruses. Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of influenza (flu) viruses. The flu virus belongs to the orthomyxovirus group of viruses which have an affinity for mucus

Paramyxovirus, TEM
Paramyxovirus. Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of paramyxovirus ribonuclear protein helices (red strands). These helices contain the viral genetic material, ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Genetic translation, computer diagram. This process uses genetic information to direct the synthesis of proteins. The main molecules involved are two types of RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Zinc finger-RNA complex. Computer models of zinc finger protein molecules complexed with RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules

Ribosomal RNA, molecular model. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the molecule that translates nucleic acids into proteins. It is found in ribosomes, organelles in cells that perform this function

Transfer RNA molecule. Computer artwork of the double helix of tRNA (transfer ribonucleic acid), formed by spiralling paired strands of sugar phosphates, linked by nucleotide base pairs

Storing genetic material. Researcher removing a tray of vials containing human tissue samples taken from a freezer. The DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Viral RNA replication cycle, artwork
Viral RNA replication cycle. Computer artwork showing the three stages of the replication cycle that forms double-stranded DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

RNA interference, computer artwork
RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism of gene expression involving double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA). Double-stranded RNA (or dsRNA), as is seen here

RNA polymerase II molecule
RNA polymerase II. Computer model showing the secondary structure of the enzyme RNA polymerase II. The molecule comprises 12 subunits

Retrovirus replication, artwork
Retrovirus replication. Computer artwork a retrovirus disassembling after infecting a cell. The virus sheds the cell membrane (blue)

Ebola virus, molecular model
Ebola virus. Molecular model showing the structure of an ebola virus. It consists of a ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome (orange) within a protein nucleocapsid (white blobs)

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein. Molecular model of a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP, orange) complexed with an RNA (ribonucleic acid, yellow) molecule

Bacteria with integrated foreign bacteria. Computer artwork showing a section of foreign DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, blue) integrated into a bacterial chromosome (green)

Gene splicing, diagram
Gene splicing. Diagram showing eight stages involved in gene splicing by a complex known as a spliceosome. The process (top) involves removing a fragment known as an intron (orange)

HIV replication cycle, diagram
HIV replication cycle. Diagram and magnified views showing the retroviral process by which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replicates

Bacterial endospore formation, diagram. The initial stage is at upper left, following the arrow to a ninth stage at lower right

Genetic molecular mechanisms, artwork

Protein translation, artwork
Protein translation. Artwork showing the process of translation, the final stage of the production of proteins from the genetic code

Bacterial DNA, conceptual artwork
Bacterial DNA, conceptual computer artwork. Bacterial cells containing two molecules of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, represented by letters)

Transcription initiation complex, diagram
Transcription initiation complex. Diagram of the complex formed by the molecules involved in the initiation of transcription

Protein synthesis, artwork
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Hepatitis C virus, molecular model
Hepatitis C virus. Cut-away molecular model of a hepatitis C virus particle (virion). The virus consists of a core of RNA (ribonucleic acid) enclosed in a capsid (red and grey)

Transcription factor and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Molecular model showing the 6 zinc fingers of transcription factor IIIA (purple) bound to RNA (ribonucleic acid)

RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC). Computer model showing the molecular structure of a bacterial argonaute protein (red) bound to a small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecule (green and purple)

RNA binding protein and mRNA complex. Computer model showing the molecular structure of Poly(A)-binding protein (PABP, orange-green) bound to a polyadenylate mRNA (messenger RNA)

RNA interference viral suppressor and RNA. Computer model showing the molecular structure of the p19 protein (pink, top) from a Tombusvirus, suppressing a double-stranded

Hepatitis C virus polymerase enzyme
Bacterial protein-chaperone complex. Molecular model of a bacterial effector protein binding to a chaperone protein that helps prevent keep the bacterial protein in an unfolded or partially folded

La Crosse encephalitis virus, TEM
La Crosse encephalitis virus. Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of La Cross (LAC) encephalitis virus particles (virions)

California encephalitis virus, TEM
California encephalitis virus. Coloured transmission electron micrograph of California encephalitis virus particles (virions)

Changuinola virus, TEM
Changuinola virus. Coloured transmission electron micrograph of Changuinola virus particles (virions). Each particle consists of a protein coat (capsid)

Rhabdovirus, TEM
Rhabdovirus. Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of particles of the rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). These particles bullet shape is characteristic of rhabdoviruses

H5N1 avian influenza virus particles, TEM
H5N1 avian influenza virus particles, coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM). Each virus particle consists of ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Coxsackie B3 virus particles, TEM
Coxsackie B3 virus particles, coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM). Each Coxsackie B3 virus particle (yellow) consists of a non-enveloped icosahedral (20-sided) protein capsid (coat)

Hepatitis C viruses, artwork
Hepatitis C viruses. Artwork of hepatitis C virus particles (virions). The virus consists of a core of RNA (ribonucleic acid) enclosed in a capsid

Influenza virus structure, 3D artwork
Influenza virus structure. 3D computer artwork showing the structure of a generic influenza virion. A portion of the virions protein coat (capsid) has been cut away

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"Unraveling the Secrets of Ribonucleic Acid: The Double-Stranded RNA Molecule" In the intricate world of molecular biology, ribonucleic acid (RNA) takes center stage as a vital player in various biological processes. This captivating molecule, often overshadowed by its famous cousin DNA, holds immense potential and complexity. DNA transcription sets the stage for RNA's crucial role. As a double-stranded RNA molecule unwinds, it serves as a template to synthesize single-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA), carrying genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. A mesmerizing molecular model showcases this elegant dance of transcription. Within bacterial ribosomes, another fascinating aspect unfolds. These cellular factories decode mRNA sequences into proteins through translation—a fundamental process that sustains life itself. Peering into their microscopic world reveals an awe-inspiring view of these tiny machines at work. But not all encounters with RNA are beneficial; some bring about disease-causing agents like human respiratory syncytial virus or paramyxovirus particles. Through electron microscopy, we witness their hauntingly beautiful structures—reminders of nature's delicate balance between beauty and danger. Electrophoresis techniques allow scientists to analyze and separate different types of RNAs based on size and charge—an invaluable tool in unraveling their mysteries. Such experiments reveal intriguing patterns under UV light that hint at hidden secrets within these molecules' structure and function. The realm of RNA extends beyond mere replication; it undergoes editing too. Molecular models showcase specialized enzymes responsible for altering specific nucleotides within an RNA sequence—a testament to nature's ingenuity in fine-tuning genetic information. Ribonucleases further highlight the multifaceted nature of RNAs—their ability to degrade both RNA-DNA hybrids and pure forms with precision is truly remarkable. Visualizing this interaction provides insights into how cells regulate gene expression through controlled degradation mechanisms.